Earthing of an electrical system is a decision that must be faced sometime by most engineers charged with planning or modifying electrical distribution. Earthing in some form is generally recommended, although there are certain exceptions. Several methods and criteria exist for system earthing; each has its own purpose. It is the intention of course to assist the engineer in making decisions on the subject by presenting basic reasons for earthing or not earthing and by reviewing general practices and methods of system earthing.



In addition, the course will cover lighting systems in constructions. Electric lighting has proved to be a high-technology industry, with manufacturers devoting effort to research and development. Consequently, in recent decades, a succession of new, more efficient light sources, auxiliary equipment, and luminaires have been introduced. Research in basic seeing factors has also been pursued for many years, and a succession of developments has provided greater knowledge of many of the fundamental aspects of the quality and quantity of lighting. 



This course is a reference source for engineers involved in earthing and lighting systems in installations. It contains a thorough analysis of the system data required, and the techniques most commonly used in computer-aided analysis, in order to perform specific system studies of the following. The engineer in charge of system design must decide which studies are needed to insure that the system will operate safely, economically and efficiently. This program will study many practical examples using the personal computer.

Upon successful completion of this training program, the participants will learn:

• Different applications of power earthing system 

• The methodologies of earthing and lighting systems modeling 

• The implementation of earthing and lighting systems studies 

• The international standards used in earthing and lighting systems IEEE

• The use of computer in earthing and lighting systems planning and design

The course is targeted to engineers and senior technicians working in the planning, design, operation, installation and maintenance of earthing and lighting systems in constructions.

DAY 1:

Electrical system in constructions

• Codes and Standards

• Load Characteristics

• Voltage Control in Electric System

• Voltage Ratings for Utilization Equipment

• Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Equipment

• Momentary Voltage Variations - Voltage Dip

• Phase Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems

• Harmonic Voltages

• Transient Over voltages

• Improvement of Voltage Conditions



DAY 2:

Lighting

• General Discussion 

• Lighting Terminology 

• Illumination Quality 

• Illumination Quantity 

• Light Sources 

• Ballasts 

• Luminaires 

• Lighting Application Techniques

• Control of Lighting 



DAY 3:

Lighting (continued)

• Lighting Maintenance 

• Voltage 

• Power Factor

• Temperature 

• Ballast Sound 

• Lighting Economics 

• Illuminance Calculations

• Lighting and Thermal Considerations



DAY 4:

Earthing

• Definitions

• Purposes of System Grounding

• Methods of System Neutral Grounding

• Grounding at Points Other than System Neutral

• Location of System Grounding Points

• Static and Lightning Protection Grounding

• Connection to Earth

• Resistance to Earth

• Ground Electrodes

• Methods and Techniques of Earthing Construction 

• Measurement of Resistance to Earth



DAY 5:

Earthing (continued)

• Earthing grid studies 

• Justification of grounding grid studies 

• Modeling of human body 

• Traditional analysis of grounding grid 

• Advanced grounding modeling 

• Input /output techniques 

• Sample problem